There is a reason why you are asked in court to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. It is because most of the time that is not what people do. Everyone lies sometime. There are many reasons to lie. Sometimes it is to not hurt someone's feelings. Sometimes a lie is for our own advantage. Some people lie in conducting business and in their personal lives. Most adults are aware of when they lie.
Young children sometimes have problems telling fantasy from reality. When a 3-year-old insists that he flew to Mars this morning, he may not be lying on purpose. He may not even be aware that it is a lie. Children with good imaginations often take longer to learn what a lie really is. It is important to work with children to teach them about fantasy and reality, instead of punishing them for these kinds of beliefs.
A pathological liar believes in the lies, at least at the time that she or he is talking. Their stories tend to be very dramatic. They often portray the person as being smarter, braver, more attractive, or more interesting than she or he really is. Sometimes people begin to catch onto pathological liars because of obvious flaws in the stories. A fairly young man will describe his heroics in the Vietnam war. A homely woman will talk about all the men who fell instantly in love with her. Sometimes the flaws may be more subtle and it may take a knowledgeable person to find them. Often it happens that a pathological liar will be caught out at a party by someone who really was a pilot, really lived in Africa, or really was a fashion model.
Suspect a pathological liar if:
the stories seem too dramatic or unrealistic
the lies seem to serve no purpose except to impress people or
the lies can easily be shown up
Sometimes pathological lying appears to be related to physical causes, such as problems in the brain. Other times they appear to be related to low self-esteem.
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Pathological Liars Have Different Brains
Less gray matter, more white matter seen in scans, researchers report.
By Ed EdelsonHealthDay Reporter
FRIDAY, Sept. 30 (HealthDay News) -- Looking into the brains of people who habitually cheat and lie, neuroscientists have found abnormalities in the area that controls higher thinking.
Pathological liars have less gray matter and more white matter in their prefrontal cortex, according to a report in the October issue of the British Journal of Psychiatry. Gray matter consists of the cells that do the thinking, while white matter consists of the cells that connect them.
"Our argument is that the more networking there is in the prefrontal cortex, the more the person has an upper hand in lying," said study co-author Adrian Raine, a professor of psychology at the University of Southern California (USC). "Their verbal skills are higher. They almost have a natural advantage."
This is the first report on structural brain abnormalities in pathological liars, the USC researchers said.
The study included 49 Los Angeles residents who were given psychological tests and interviews. The answers allowed the researchers to classify 12 as having a history of repeated lying, 16 who showed signs of antisocial personality disorder but not pathological lying, and 21 as average, usually honest people.
Differences in brain structure were recorded on magnetic resonance images. The liars had 25.7 percent more white matter than the antisocial people and 22 percent more than normal controls. Liars also had a 14.2 percent decrease in gray matter when compared to the controls.
That means that liars have more tools to lie and fewer moral restraints than normal people, Raine said, since this gray matter is also what experts believe controls moral behavior.
"The reduction in gray matter predisposes them to lie in the first place," he said. "The excess of white matter makes it easier for them to do it. If these liars have a 14 percent reduction in gray matter, that means they are less likely to care about moral issues or are less likely to be able to process moral issues."
The finding could eventually be used in making diagnoses of behavioral problems, and might have applications in the criminal justice system, the researchers said.
The field in which the USC researchers are working is "rapidly growing," said Diane Fishbein, a research psychobiologist at the Research Triangle Institute in Raleigh-Durham, N.C.
Fishbein has done work in "an area of research about deception in general and psychopathology in general," she said. "We are interested in what the substrates are for deception. It would be very interesting to know when someone is lying."
One of her studies found a major difference in the brain function of people who exhibited psychopathic behavior. "Most people process higher-order cognitive function with the front of the brain and emotions in the limbic system, which is lower down," she said. "Psychopaths treat emotional stimuli as if it was information, with their cognitive information processed in the limbic system."
Studies of abnormal brain function are sure to grow because "for reasons of security, there is an interest in trying to identify when people are lying," Fishbein said.
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